Background
For a locomotive whose design dates from the 1930s, it may come as a surprise to learn that the P2 will incorporate around six miles of electronic cabling and associated equipment. When the locomotive is in motion, electrical power for these systems is generated by an Axle Driven Alternator (ADA).
For the P2 new-build locomotive, a completely new ADA design is required. This design work is currently being refined and proven using Tornado as a test platform. Two initial designs have already been trialled successfully, and a final revision is now needed before the system can proceed to full testing and formal approval by Ricardo, our independent certification body.
The need for a new design arose because, although a spare alternator was available, the technology dated from the 1960s and would have required extensive and costly refurbishment. This older design is not only difficult to maintain but is also very large, and the associated regulator equipment falls well short of modern expectations. Developing a new ADA therefore offers significant benefits in reliability, maintainability, and overall performance for the P2.
Progress to Date
To address this challenge, the Trust’s engineering team set about developing a completely new alternator design for the P2. The initial concept work was undertaken by David Elliott, with the subsequent design completed by Alan Parkin. A first prototype was constructed and installed on the A1 Support Coach, where it was used for initial proving trials.
Building on the lessons learned, a Mark 2 version was subsequently developed. This incorporated slightly larger drive belts along with a number of minor design refinements, and this unit has now been fitted to the locomotive itself. (The second alternator was funded by the ETCS project.)
For the past year, both alternators have been operating as part of an In-Service Experience Trial with Ricardo, a necessary step towards full approval. As is often the case with trials of this nature, their operation has provided valuable new insights. The trial is due to conclude on 31st December 2026, which places a degree of time pressure on the team to finalise, refine and fully test the revised ADA design.
The most significant learning to emerge relates to the operation of the alternator when fitted to the locomotive. In particular, the original design did not fully account for the shock loads that can arise if the driving axle momentarily locks. The issue centres on the step-up gearbox arrangement, which uses toothed belts and pulleys of differing diameters. This arrangement is essential, as the alternator itself — a standard heavy-duty unit — must operate at a significantly higher rotational speed than can be provided directly from the axle.
Under normal conditions this system performs well, with the alternator rotor running at high speed as intended. However, if the driving axle suddenly stops, the drive belts also halt instantaneously, while the rotating mass within the alternator still carries considerable energy. With nowhere for this energy to be dissipated, the result is failure of the drive belt. Having now reached the third replacement belt, it is clear that a design change is required to address this issue and ensure long-term reliability.
Next Steps
With the root cause now understood, a clear solution has been identified. Alan Parkin is ready to incorporate a clutch into the alternator drive to protect the system from shock loads. To deliver this modification within the timescale of the Ricardo trial, however, we now need the support of our supporters to help fund the work.
Encouragingly, the existing alternator design already allows sufficient space for a clutch to be installed. Suitable units are readily available as standard, off-the-shelf components and are widely used in industrial applications to isolate sections of a drivetrain from sudden shock loads. We have identified manufacturers able to supply a clutch to the required specification. Testing has already been carried out to establish the braking and breaking strain of the drive belts, and this data has been used to inform the clutch design. The clutch will be set to slip at a torque comfortably above that required to generate electrical power from the ADA, but well below the belt breaking strain, thereby protecting the system while maintaining normal operation.
The next step is to install this modification on the locomotive and accumulate between 1,000 and 2,000 miles of running before the end of 2026. This will allow Ricardo to confirm that the solution performs as intended and to formally approve the design for both applications, resulting in a fully certified alternator system.
The most urgent redesign work relates to the ADA fitted to the locomotive for eventual use on the P2, as tender axles are inherently more prone to locking than those on the Support Coach. That said, both alternators will ultimately require modification to incorporate a clutch.
To enable this work to proceed without delay, we are now launching a dedicated mini-club to seek your support. Contributions will fund the completion of the design work, the purchase of a suitable clutch, and its installation on the ADA so that the trial can continue ahead of the year-end deadline.
Show Your Support
The initial design being proven will be fitted to the P2, and all donations to Phase One of this project will be directed specifically to the design of the P2 ADA. We need to raise £15,000 in a short timescale to give the engineering team the opportunity to implement the changes and fully prove the technology before the end of the year. This equates to 15 supporters each donating £1,000, making this a highly exclusive mini-club!
All donations are ring-fenced to the phase you choose, with funds allocated directly to the locomotive concerned. Throughout the project, our Electrical Engineering Director, Rob Morland, will provide detailed updates for donors, keeping you informed of progress, trials and the engineering challenges overcome along the way. This is a targeted and practical mini-club, and your support will make a substantial difference to the success of this project.
Once Phase One is complete, Phase Two will commence. This will adapt the proven ADA design for installation on the A1 Support Coach, requiring additional and different design work, at an estimated cost of £10,000.
If you would like to support No. 2007 Prince of Wales by joining The ADA Mini-Club then please either complete the on-line forms in section 1 or download the forms in section 2 below:
Section 1: on-line donation